Radiology_technique

  The R.G.U. (Retrograde Urethrogram) is a radiological procedure used to evaluate the male urethra for strictures, trauma, or other abnormalities . It is typically done under fluoroscopy using contrast media to visualize the urethral lumen. 1. Full Form: R.G.U. – Retrograde Urethrogram 2. Indications: Suspected urethral stricture (e.g., from trauma, infection) Evaluation of urethral trauma Urethral diverticula or fistulas Pre-operative assessment (e.g., before urethral surgery) Post-operative assessment of urethral reconstruction Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in males 3. Contraindications: Active urinary tract infection (relative contraindication) Recent urethral surgery (may delay due to risk of disrupting healing) Acute inflammation or bleeding of the urethra Allergy to iodinated contrast media (use precautions or alternative) 4. Contrast Used: Water-soluble iodinated contrast media (e.g., Urografin, Omnipaque) Usually non-ionic ,...

       (BARIUM MEAL FOLLOW THROUGH) The radiology procedure B.M.F.T. stands for Barium Meal Follow Through . It is a diagnostic imaging test used to visualize the small intestine using barium sulfate contrast medium and X-rays. ✅ Indication (When it's done): Chronic or unexplained abdominal pain Suspected small bowel obstruction Chronic diarrhea Inflammatory Bowel Disease (e.g., Crohn’s disease) Malabsorption syndromes Gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown origin Suspected small bowel tumors 🚫 Contraindications (When it should not be done): Suspected or confirmed gastrointestinal perforation (risk of barium leakage into peritoneum) Severe constipation or bowel obstruction (risk of impaction) Allergy to barium (rare but consider alternatives) Pregnancy (due to radiation exposure unless clearly needed) Patients unable to swallow or at risk of aspiration 🧪 Contrast Used: Barium sulfate suspension (orally administered) In certain cases (p...

                         PNEUMONIA  Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing symptoms such as cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. It can range from mild to life-threatening and is especially serious for infants, young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. 1. Classification of Pneumonia Pneumonia can be classified based on different criteria: A. Based on Where It Was Acquired Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): Acquired outside healthcare settings. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP): Occurs 48 hours or more after hospital admission. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP): Occurs in people on mechanical ventilation. Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP): In non-hospitalized patients with extensive healthcare contact. B. Based on Causative Organism Bacter...

✅ What is Ultrasound? Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (typically 2–15 MHz) to produce images of internal body structures. ✅ Principle of Ultrasound Ultrasound imaging is based on the principle of sound wave reflection (echolocation) : Sound waves are emitted by a transducer . These waves travel through tissues and reflect back when they hit a boundary between different tissue types. The returning echoes are received by the transducer and converted into electrical signals. A computer processes these signals to create an image. ✅ Mechanism Generation of ultrasound waves via piezoelectric crystals in the transducer. Propagation through tissues with varying acoustic impedances. Reflection/Refraction/Absorption at tissue interfaces. Echo detection and conversion into electrical signals. Image formation through signal processing and display. ✅ Transducer (Probe) A transducer is a hand-held device that sends a...

  Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis . It primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), but it can also involve other organs (extrapulmonary TB). TB spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. 1. Types of Tuberculosis A. Based on Infection Status: Latent TB Infection (LTBI): Bacteria are present but inactive No symptoms, not contagious Can reactivate if immunity drops Active TB Disease: Bacteria are actively multiplying Causes symptoms and is contagious B. Based on Location: Pulmonary TB – Lungs (most common form) Extrapulmonary TB – Outside lungs, e.g.: Lymph node TB Spinal TB (Pott’s disease) Miliary TB – Disseminated form TB meningitis Genitourinary TB Gastrointestinal TB 2. Method of Diagnosis Clinical suspicion : chronic cough, weight loss, fever, night sweats Sputum Tests : AFB stain (Ziehl-Neelsen) – detects acid-fast bacilli Gene...

 Here is a detailed overview of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) including how it works, components, types of sequences and coils, indications, contraindications, and artifacts: 1. What is MRI? MRI ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields, radio waves, and a computer to produce detailed images of internal structures, especially soft tissues. 2. How MRI Works MRI works based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) : Magnetic Field : Aligns hydrogen protons (mainly in water and fat) in the body. Radiofrequency (RF) Pulses : Applied to disturb the alignment of protons. Relaxation : After the RF pulse is turned off, protons return to their original alignment, releasing signals. Signal Detection : These signals are captured by coils and processed into images. 3. Components of MRI Machine Main Magnet : Generates a strong magnetic field ( usually 1.5T or 3T ). Gradient Coils : Used to spatially en...

A CT (Computed Tomography) scan machine is a medical imaging device that uses X-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images (slices) of the body. It is widely used for diagnostic purposes in various medical fields. 1. Components of a CT Scan Machine Gantry : The doughnut-shaped part of the machine that houses the X-ray tube and detectors. X-ray Tube : Produces X-rays that pass through the patient’s body. Detectors : Capture the X-rays after they pass through the body and convert them into electrical signals. Patient Table (Couch) : Moves the patient through the gantry during the scan. Computer System : Processes the raw data to reconstruct cross-sectional images. Operator Console : Where the technician controls the scan and views the images. 2. Generations of CT Scan CT scanners are categorized into generations based on how the X-ray tube and detectors move: 1st Generation : Single detector and single X-ray source; used translate-rotate motio...

                      (BARIUM SWALLOW ) A Barium Swallow (also called an esophagram ) is a radiology procedure used to examine the structure and function of the pharynx and esophagus using barium sulfate as a contrast medium. 1. Indication Barium swallow is indicated to evaluate: Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) Odynophagia (painful swallowing) Esophageal reflux or GERD Suspected esophageal stricture or tumor Zenker’s diverticulum Hiatal hernia Esophageal motility disorders (e.g., achalasia) Foreign body ingestion 2. Contraindications Suspected perforation of GI tract (use water-soluble contrast like Gastrografin instead) Unconscious/uncooperative patients (risk of aspiration) Known or suspected tracheoesophageal fistula Severe swallowing difficulty with high aspiration risk 3. Contrast Used Barium sulfate suspension (not absorbed by the body) Sometimes effervescent granules are added to produ...

  Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) —also known as Intravenous Urography (IVU) —is a radiologic procedure used to visualize the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, and bladder) using a contrast medium injected intravenously. 1. Indications: Hematuria (blood in urine) Suspected urinary tract obstruction (e.g., stones, strictures) Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) Evaluation of congenital anomalies of the urinary tract Assessment of renal function or post-surgical anatomy Detection of tumors, cysts, or trauma to urinary organs 2. Contraindications: Absolute: Allergy to iodine-based contrast agents Severe renal insufficiency or failure (risk of contrast-induced nephropathy) Relative: Dehydration Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus Multiple myeloma Pregnancy (due to radiation risk) Hyperthyroidism (may worsen with iodine contrast) 3. Contrast Used: Iodinated water-soluble contrast media , such as: Iohexol (Omnipaque) Iopamidol (Isovue) Injected intrave...

  As a radiographer, your role is integral to modern healthcare, involving the use of advanced imaging technologies to assist in diagnosing and treating patients. Here's an overview of your responsibilities and the skills required: 🩺 Key Responsibilities 1. Operating Imaging Equipment You proficiently use various imaging machines, including: X-ray machines : To capture images of bones and certain tissues. CT (Computed Tomography) scanners : For detailed cross-sectional images. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scanners : To obtain detailed images of soft tissues. Ultrasound machines : For real-time imaging without radiation. Your expertise ensures that these machines function optimally, providing high-quality images for accurate diagnoses. 2. Patient Interaction and Safety Preparation : You explain procedures to patients, addressing any concerns to alleviate anxiety. Positioning : Correctly positioning patients to obtain clear images while ensuring their comfort. Sa...